Know Your Enemy: A Guide to the Different Types of Ransomware Attacks

Cyber threats come in many shapes and sizes, but few are as menacing as ransomware attacks. With the ability to lock and hold your files hostage, ransomware has become one of the most prevalent and dangerous cybercrimes today.

In this Mysterium VPN guide, we’ll break down the types of ransomware, how they work, and, most importantly, how to protect yourself.

What is Ransomware?

Ransomware is a type of malicious software (malware) that infects your system, encrypts files, and demands a ransom for the decryption key that will unlock your data.

In other words, it locks up your files until you pay up—or risk losing them forever. It’s like a virtual kidnapper holding your data for ransom.

The ransom demand typically includes a deadline, after which the ransom amount may increase, or worse, the data might be deleted. Not exactly the kind of "hostage situation" you want to find yourself in, right?

How Does Ransomware Work?

Ransomware attacks can be launched in many different ways. Here’s how it usually goes down:

Infection: The Trojan Horse of Ransomware

The first step of any ransomware attack is infection. It’s kind of like an unwanted guest sneaking into your home when you’re not paying attention. In most cases, ransomware enters your system through malicious email attachments, misleading links, or compromised websites.

Phishing emails are the number one culprit here. Attackers craft convincing emails that trick users into clicking on a link or downloading an infected attachment. These emails often masquerade as legitimate communications, such as invoices or important messages from colleagues.

The attachment may look harmless—perhaps an invoice or a document you need to read—but once opened, it triggers the ransomware download, and boom—you’ve got an uninvited guest in your system.

Malicious ads and websites are another sneaky avenue for infection. Infected ads—known as malvertising—appear on legitimate websites and, when clicked, download ransomware directly onto your device.

It's like shopping online and unwittingly adding a dangerous virus to your cart. Sometimes, simply visiting a compromised website is enough to trigger the malware without any interaction from the user.

Encryption: Locking Up Your Digital Life

Once the ransomware has successfully infiltrated your system, its primary job starts: encrypting files. This is where the real damage begins. The malware scans your computer, looking for specific file types—documents, spreadsheets, photos, videos, or even proprietary data.

It then locks these files with encryption, rendering them completely unreadable without the decryption key. Imagine trying to open a file, but it just appears as a string of random characters or a garbled mess.

This encryption process happens quickly and silently, often in the background, so you might not even realize what's happening until it's too late.

Some ransomware strains, particularly crypto ransomware, even encrypt files that are stored on network drives or cloud storage, spreading the chaos beyond just your local device.

The attackers are targeting your most critical data—files that you rely on for work, personal use, or even the survival of your business.

The Ransom Note: An Offer You Can't Refuse

Once the ransomware has finished encrypting your files, it’s time for the criminals to announce themselves. You’ll typically find a ransom note left on your screen or in your files.

It’s not just a taunting message like, “You’ve been hacked!” but a formal demand for payment in exchange for the decryption key that will unlock your data.

The note will often be full of intimidating language, with a warning that your files will remain locked until the ransom is paid. There’s usually a time limit—if you don’t comply within a set period, the ransom amount could double, or your files may be deleted.

Some attackers go as far as to threaten the victim with the exposure of sensitive data unless the payment is made.

The note will often specify the type of payment they want, which is almost always in cryptocurrency like Bitcoin or Monero. The use of crypto is intentional—it’s difficult to trace and provides the attackers with a degree of anonymity.

You might be given detailed instructions on how to send the ransom, but here’s the catch: even if you comply, there’s no guarantee the attackers will provide the decryption key or restore your files. Some criminals simply take the money and run, leaving their victims with encrypted files and an empty wallet.

Decryption (or Not): The Bitter End

Many victims who comply with the ransom demands find themselves out of luck. Sometimes, the attackers fail to deliver the decryption key, or the key they send is ineffective. This leaves you stuck with encrypted data and unable to restore access to your files.

Even if the decryption key works, there’s no assurance that all of your files will be restored properly. Some ransomware strains, especially more advanced ransomware variants, can corrupt files during the encryption process, making it impossible to fully recover them—even with the decryption key.

Furthermore, paying the ransom encourages the attackers to keep launching more ransomware attacks, which fuels the cycle of cybercrime. As unfortunate as it may sound, paying the ransom might only reinforce their criminal activity and put you at greater risk of future attacks.

The best approach? Don’t pay the ransom. Instead, take steps to limit the damage, such as disconnecting from the internet, informing IT experts or law enforcement, and restoring your files from backups if you have them.

Who Creates Ransomware?

Ransomware isn’t something just anyone can cook up in their basement. It requires a certain level of technical skill, which is why most ransomware comes from highly organized criminal groups.

These bad actors—ranging from cyber criminals to sophisticated hacker syndicates—are often part of a larger criminal enterprise.

Sometimes, the creators of ransomware even sell the malware to others as a service. This is known as ransomware-as-a-service. It’s like hiring someone to rob a bank on your behalf.

Anyone with enough cash can launch a ransomware attack, and it’s all thanks to the ease with which malware is distributed on the dark web.

Why Launch Ransomware Attacks?

Why do ransomware attackers go through all this effort? Money, of course. By targeting businesses, governments, and individuals, they hope to receive a ransom payment that will make their illegal activities worth the risk.

But it's not just about money—ransomware attackers might also use it as a way to launch a data theft operation, exploiting vulnerabilities in computer systems to steal sensitive data, like credit card numbers, proprietary data, or intellectual property.

Types of Ransomware

When it comes to ransomware, variety is the spice of life. There are several types of ransomware that attack in different ways. Here’s a rundown:

Crypto Ransomware

This is one of the most common types of ransomware. Crypto ransomware encrypts files on your computer and demands a ransom in exchange for the decryption key. It’s ruthless and effective—once it locks up your data, there’s little you can do without paying the ransom.

Locker Ransomware

Unlike crypto ransomware, which encrypts your files, locker ransomware locks you out of your entire system. It restricts access to the victim’s computer or device, preventing them from accessing any files or applications.

Essentially, it locks your screen with a ransom note, offering a "deal" for regaining access to your system.

Wiper Malware

Wiper malware is an even nastier breed of ransomware. It doesn’t just lock or encrypt your files; it actually destroys them. Once the malware has wiped your data, there’s no recovering it. It’s like burning your house down and then demanding ransom for rebuilding it.

Ransomware Variants

The world of ransomware isn’t static. New variants pop up all the time. From well-known strains like Petya ransomware to more niche ransomware types, cybercriminals are constantly evolving their tactics.

These variants use different encryption methods, attack vectors, and ransom payment methods to keep their victims guessing.

How to Prevent a Ransomware Attack

Prevention is the best defense. Here are some tips to keep you safe:

• Install security software: Antivirus software and advanced threat protection can detect threats before they cause damage. Make sure it’s always up to date.
• Patch system vulnerabilities: Keeping your software and operating systems updated is essential. Cyber attackers love exploiting unpatched vulnerabilities, so don’t let your systems fall behind.
• Be cautious with email attachments: Phishing emails are the most common method of delivering ransomware. Avoid opening attachments or clicking on links in suspicious emails.
• Use strong, unique passwords: Hackers love exploiting weak passwords, so make sure you use complex, unique passwords for all accounts.
• Enable multi-factor authentication: Even if a cybercriminal steals your password, multi-factor authentication adds an extra layer of protection.
• Use a VPN: A VPN not only masks your IP address but also encrypts your network traffic, preventing ransomware attackers from accessing your system through unprotected channels. Plus, Mysterium VPN allows you to stay anonymous online, making it harder for attackers to target you. Safety first, am I right?

What to Do if You've Fallen Victim to a Ransomware Attack

So, you've been hit. What now?

1. Don’t pay the ransom: As tempting as it might be, paying the ransom doesn’t guarantee you’ll get your files back. The best thing you can do is not comply with the ransom demand.
2. Disconnect from the network: Disconnect your device from the internet to stop the spread of the malware to other devices on your network.
3. Restore from backups: Hopefully, you’ve been keeping regular backups of your important data. If so, now’s the time to restore it.
4. Report the attack: Contact local authorities or your organization’s IT department. Reporting ransomware helps build awareness and may prevent future attacks.

Are Ransomware Attacks Legal?

Ransomware attacks are definitely not legal. In fact, they are a form of cybercrime that involves extortion, data theft, and often fraud. Ransomware attackers use malware to lock victims out of their own data or systems and demand a ransom in exchange for the decryption key or access to their files.

This is a clear violation of both national and international laws. The penalties for engaging in ransomware activities are severe, ranging from hefty fines to long prison sentences, depending on the jurisdiction.

United States

In the U.S., ransomware attacks fall under the umbrella of cyber extortion, identity theft, and fraud. Federal laws, including the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (CFAA), the Wire Fraud Act, and the National Information Infrastructure Protection Act, make it clear that ransomware is illegal.

These laws criminalize unauthorized access to computer systems, data theft, and the use of malicious software to extort victims. The FBI and Secret Service are some of the key agencies in charge of investigating ransomware attacks.

Additionally, the Department of Justice (DOJ) has increasingly made ransomware cases a high priority, particularly those that impact critical infrastructure, like healthcare systems and government agencies.

Europe

In Europe, ransomware is treated with serious concern, particularly in light of the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), which enforces strict penalties for any breach of personal data.

The GDPR is a key piece of legislation that mandates companies to protect personal information, and a ransomware attack that involves the exposure or theft of sensitive data could result in massive fines.

Some of the key legal frameworks protecting individuals and organizations against ransomware attacks in Europe include:

• EU Cybersecurity Act: This regulation provides a framework for enhancing the security of network and information systems across Europe. It also facilitates coordination between EU countries to fight cybercrime.
• The Cybercrime Convention (Budapest Convention): This international treaty is designed to facilitate cooperation between countries in combating cybercrime. Many European countries are signatories to this treaty, which allows for cross-border legal action against cybercriminals.
• The European Data Protection Board (EDPB): If ransomware leads to a data breach, victims can report it to local authorities, and organizations that fail to protect personal data adequately could be fined under the GDPR.

Asia

The legal response to ransomware attacks in Asia varies from country to country, with some nations having strong laws in place and others still working on improving their cybercrime legislation.

However, ransomware attacks are generally illegal across the region, and cybercriminals face legal consequences if caught.

China

China has some of the strictest laws against cybercrime, with the Cybersecurity Law in place to regulate online activities and punish cybercriminals. Ransomware attacks fall under this umbrella, and offenders can face imprisonment and fines if caught.

The Chinese government takes a very proactive stance against cybercrime, often working with international authorities to apprehend ransomware attackers, especially if the attacks affect critical infrastructure.

India

In India, ransomware attacks are dealt with under the Information Technology Act, 2000 (IT Act), which criminalizes hacking and data breaches. Ransomware falls under Section 66 of the IT Act, which punishes cyber extortion, identity theft, and hacking.

Cybercriminals caught engaging in ransomware activities could face up to three years in prison and fines, depending on the severity of the attack. India’s growing focus on cybersecurity has led to stronger enforcement of these laws, particularly for attacks targeting businesses and critical sectors.

Japan

Japan has some of the most robust cybercrime laws in Asia, particularly after the country’s Basic Act on Cybersecurity was enacted. The act outlines measures to protect individuals, businesses, and the government from cybercrime, including ransomware attacks.

Those found guilty of launching ransomware attacks can face up to 10 years in prison or fines under the Penal Code. Japan also works closely with international law enforcement agencies to tackle ransomware groups.

South Korea

South Korea is known for its advanced cybersecurity infrastructure, and it has a well-established legal framework to address cybercrime. Under the Act on Promotion of Information and Communications Network Utilization, ransomware is considered a serious offense.

Offenders can face severe penalties, including imprisonment of up to 5 years or fines. South Korea has also set up a national cybersecurity center to respond quickly to cyber threats like ransomware.

The Growing Need for International Cooperation

One of the biggest challenges in combating ransomware is that cybercriminals often operate globally, meaning they can launch attacks from one country, target victims in another, and then disappear into the digital ether. As a result, countries are increasingly working together to address these cyber threats.

Interpol, Europol, and other international organizations play a critical role in coordinating the global response to ransomware. These agencies work together to share intelligence, track down perpetrators, and help countries with investigations.

A Few Examples of Real-World Ransomware Attacks

Let's take a look at two horrific examples of ransomware attacks.

Colonial Pipeline Attack (2021)

In May 2021, Colonial Pipeline, the largest pipeline operator in the U.S., was struck by a ransomware attack attributed to a group called DarkSide. This attack caused the company to shut down its entire pipeline system, which delivers 45% of the fuel consumed on the U.S. East Coast.

The disruption led to widespread panic-buying at gas stations, resulting in long lines and fuel shortages across multiple states. Some stations were completely out of gas, and prices at the pump soared.

The attackers demanded a ransom of $5 million in Bitcoin, which was eventually paid by Colonial Pipeline, despite the FBI urging against making payments to cybercriminals.

The decryption key provided by the attackers didn’t restore full operations, forcing Colonial Pipeline to spend additional time and resources recovering their systems.

After the attack, the U.S. government took several actions, including increasing cybersecurity regulations for critical industries and launching efforts to track down and disrupt ransomware groups like DarkSide.

WannaCry (2017)

One of the most infamous ransomware attacks in history, WannaCry struck in May 2017 and quickly became a nightmare for organizations worldwide. The attack exploited a vulnerability in Microsoft Windows, specifically in older, unpatched versions of the operating system.

This vulnerability was originally discovered by the National Security Agency (NSA) and leaked by a hacking group called The Shadow Brokers, which turned out to be one of the most damaging leaks in the history of cybersecurity.

WannaCry spread rapidly, affecting hundreds of thousands of computers across 150 countries. Its impact was severe, targeting hospitals, businesses, and government agencies.

In the UK, the National Health Service (NHS) was hit particularly hard, with hospitals forced to cancel appointments and divert emergency patients as critical systems went down.

The ransomware encrypted files and displayed a ransom note demanding payment in Bitcoin in exchange for a decryption key. The payment was often set at around $300, but the attackers had no intention of restoring access to the data, even if the ransom was paid.

What made WannaCry particularly devastating was its self-replicating nature, allowing it to spread without human intervention. Fortunately, a security researcher discovered a “kill switch,” which stopped the ransomware from spreading further.

Conclusion

Ransomware attacks may be complex, but with the right precautions, they don’t have to be inevitable.

Keep your systems secure, use a VPN, stay alert to phishing attempts, and always back up your data. Protect yourself from cybercriminals, and you’ll be well-equipped to handle whatever malicious software comes your way.

Stay safe out there!

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